X-Git-Url: https://git.phdru.name/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=pep-git.txt;h=6a298b9f7ee3257d889ea09c81e7d0411e34d271;hb=910f0000abefa817cad6f7770e56a96c4bcdefd5;hp=1295dbb394f0ebf341cf2971e79ecc67078ad267;hpb=57c580734c27c40e347bef375a8cc01f13b0e5d8;p=git-wiki.git diff --git a/pep-git.txt b/pep-git.txt index 1295dbb..6a298b9 100644 --- a/pep-git.txt +++ b/pep-git.txt @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Title: Collecting information about git Version: $Revision$ Last-Modified: $Date$ Author: Oleg Broytman -Status: Active +Status: Draft Type: Informational Content-Type: text/x-rst Created: 01-Jun-2015 @@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ Git Tutorial: `part 1 `Git workflows `_. +Advanced documentation +---------------------- + `Git Magic `_, also with a number of translations. -Advanced documentation ----------------------- - `Pro Git `_. The Book about git. Buy it at Amazon or download in PDF, mobi, or ePub form. Has translations to many different languages. Download Russian translation from `GArik @@ -75,20 +75,30 @@ Download and installation Unix users: download and install using your package manager. Microsoft Windows: download `git-for-windows -`_. +`_ or `msysGit +`_. MacOS X: use git installed with `XCode -`_ or download +`_ or download from +`MacPorts `_ or `git-osx-installer -`_. +`_ or +install git with `Homebrew `_: ``brew install git``. + +`git-cola `_ is a sleek and +powerful Git GUI written in Python and GPL licensed. Linux, Windows, +MacOS X. + +`TortoiseGit `_ is a Windows Shell Interface +to Git based on TortoiseSVN; open source. Initial configuration --------------------- This simple code is often appears in documentation, but it is -important so let repeat it here. Git marks every commit with author -and committer names/emails, so configure your real name and preferred -email:: +important so let repeat it here. Git stores author and committer +names/emails in every commit, so configure your real name and +preferred email:: $ git config --global user.name "User Name" $ git config --global user.email user.name@example.org @@ -101,13 +111,25 @@ Examples of git commands in this PEP use the following approach. It is supposed that you, the user, works with a local repository named ``python`` that has an upstream remote repo named ``origin``. Your local repo has two branches ``v1`` and ``v2``. For most examples the -currently checked out branch is ``v2``. That is, it's assumed you did -something like that:: +currently checked out branch is ``v2``. That is, it's assumed you have +done something like that:: + + $ git clone -b v2 http://git.python.org/python.git + $ cd python + $ git branch v1 origin/v1 + +The last command creates a new local branch v1 and sets +remotes/origin/v1 as its upstream remote branch. + +The same result can achieved with commands:: $ git clone -b v1 http://git.python.org/python.git $ cd python - $ git fetch origin v2:v2 - $ git checkout -b v2 + $ git checkout --track origin/v2 + +The last command creates a new local branch v2, sets +remotes/origin/v2 as its upstream remote branch and checks it out into +the working directory. Branches and branches @@ -146,18 +168,19 @@ To see local and remote branches (and tags) pointing to commits:: $ git log --decorate You never do your own development on remote branches. You create a -local branch that has a remote branch as an upstream and do -development on that local branch. On push git updates remote branches, -and on pull git updates remote branches and fast-forwards, merges or -rebases local branches. +local branch that has a remote branch as upstream and do development +on that local branch. On push git updates remote branches, and on pull +git updates remote branches and fast-forwards, merges or rebases local +branches. When you do an initial clone like this:: $ git clone -b v1 http://git.python.org/python.git git clones remote repository ``http://git.python.org/python.git`` to -directory ``python``, creates remote branches and checks out branch -``v1`` into the working directory. +directory ``python``, creates remote branches, creates a local branch +``v1``, configure it to track upstream remotes/origin/v1 branch and +checks out ``v1`` into the working directory. Updating local and remote branches ---------------------------------- @@ -196,15 +219,29 @@ is equivalent to :: $ git fetch REMOTE BRANCH - $ git merge FETCH_HEAD # FETCH_HEAD is a literal here + $ git merge FETCH_HEAD # FETCH_HEAD is a literal here Certainly, BRANCH in that case should be your current branch. If you want to merge a different branch into your current branch first update that non-current branch and then merge:: - $ git fetch origin v1:v1 # Update v1 - $ git pull --rebase origin v2 # Update the current branch v2 using - # rebase instead of merge + $ git fetch origin v1:v1 # Update v1 + $ git pull --rebase origin v2 # Update the current branch v2 using + # rebase instead of merge + $ git merge v1 + +If you have not yet pushed commits on ``v1``, though, the scenario has +to become a bit more complex. Git refuses to update +non-fast-forwardable branch, and you don't want to do force-pull +because that would remove your non-pushed commits and you would need +to recover. So you want to rebase ``v1`` but you cannot rebase +non-current branch. Hence, checkout ``v1`` and rebase it before +merging:: + + $ git checkout v1 + $ git pull --rebase origin v1 + $ git checkout v2 + $ git pull --rebase origin v2 $ git merge v1 It is possible to configure git to make it fetch/pull a few branches @@ -264,6 +301,12 @@ non-bare repository: git refuses to update remote working directory. You really should push only to bare repositories. For non-bare repositories git prefers pull-based workflow. +When you want to deploy code on a remote host and can only use push +(because your workstation is behind a firewall and you cannot pull +from it) you do that in two steps using two repositories: you push +from the workstation to a bare repo on the remote host, ssh to the +remote host and pull from the bare repo to a non-bare deployment repo. + Tags '''' @@ -272,7 +315,7 @@ during fetch/pull. To fetch all tags (and commits they point to) run ``git fetch --tags origin``. To fetch some specific tags fetch them explicitly:: - $ git fetch origin tag NAME1 tag NAME2... + $ git fetch origin tag TAG1 tag TAG2... For example:: @@ -280,11 +323,13 @@ For example:: Git doesn't automatically pushes tags. That allows you to have private tags (lightweight tags are also private for a repo, they cannot be -pushed). To push tag(s) list them explicitly:: +pushed). To push tags list them explicitly:: $ git push origin tag 1.4.2 $ git push origin v1 v2 tag 2.1.7 +Don't move tags with ``git tag -f`` after they have been published. + Commit editing and caveats ========================== @@ -325,7 +370,7 @@ safely edit, remove, reorder, combine and split commits that hasn't been pushed yet. You can even push commits to your own (backup) repo, edit them later and force-push edited commits to replace what has already been pushed. Not a problem until commits are in a public -repository. +or shared repository. Undo @@ -338,22 +383,62 @@ How to undo a merge https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/howto/revert-a-faulty-merge.html -Advanced topics -=============== +Merge or rebase? +================ -Staging area ------------- +Internet is full of heated discussions on the topic: "merge or +rebase?" Most of them are meaningless. When a DVCS is being used in a +big team with a big and complex project with many branches there is +simply no way to avoid merges. So the question's diminished to +"whether to use rebase, and if yes - when to use rebase?" Considering +that it is very much recommended not to rebase published commits the +question's diminished even further: "whether to use rebase on +non-pushed commits?" -Staging area aka index is a distinguishing feature of git. See -`WhatIsTheIndex -`_ and -`IndexCommandQuickref -`_ in Git -Wiki. +That small question is for the team to decide. The author of the PEP +recommends to use rebase when pulling, i.e. always do ``git pull +--rebase`` or even configure automatic setup of rebase for every new +branch:: + $ git config branch.autosetuprebase true -Merge or rebase? -================ +and configure rebase for existing branches:: + + $ git config branch.NAME.rebase true + +For example:: + + $ git config branch.v2.rebase true + +After that ``git pull origin v2`` becomes equivalent to ``git pull +--rebase origin v2``. + +In case when merge is preferred it is recommended to create new +commits in a separate feature or topic branch while using rebase to +update the mainline branch. When the topic branch is ready merge it +into mainline. To avoid a tedious task of resolving conflicts you can +merge the topic branch to the mainline from time to time and switch +back to the topic branch to continue working on it. The entire +workflow would be something like:: + + $ git checkout -b issue-42 # create and switch to a new branch + ...edit/test/commit... + $ git checkout v2 + $ git pull --rebase origin v2 # update v2 from the upstream + $ git merge issue-42 + $ git branch -d issue-42 # delete the topic branch + $ git push origin v2 + +When the topic branch is deleted only the label is removed, commits +are stayed in the database, they are now merged into v2:: + + o--o--o--o--o--M--< v2 - it is the mainline branch + \ / + --*--*--* - it is the topic branch, now unnamed + +The topic branch is deleted to avoid cluttering branch namespace with +small topic branches. Information on what issue was fixed or what +feature was implemented should be in the commit messages. Null-merges @@ -362,7 +447,7 @@ Null-merges Git has a builtin strategy for what Python core developers call "null-merge":: - $ git merge -s ours v1 # null-merge v1 into v2 + $ git merge -s ours v1 # null-merge v1 into v2 ReReRe @@ -371,6 +456,20 @@ ReReRe https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rerere +Advanced topics +=============== + +Staging area +------------ + +Staging area aka index is a distinguishing feature of git. See +`WhatIsTheIndex +`_ and +`IndexCommandQuickref +`_ in Git +Wiki. + + Advanced configuration ====================== @@ -391,9 +490,17 @@ TODO: dangling objects, git gc, git repack. Tips and tricks =============== +TODO: sticky options; example: git grep -O. + TODO: bash/zsh completion, bash/zsh prompt. +git on server +============= + +TODO: anonymous access; git over ssh; gitolite; gitweb; cgit; gitlab. + + From Mercurial to git =====================